Toefl
Structure
Test Of
English as a Foreign Language, is a test of an individual's ability to use and
understand English in an academic
setting. The test is designed and administered by Educational Testing Service
(ETS), and TOEFL is a registered trademark of ETS. It was developed to address
the problem of ensuring English language proficiency for non-native speakers
wishing to study at U.S. universities. It has become an admission requirement
for non-native English speakers at many English-speaking colleges and universities. Additionally, institutions
such as government agencies, licensing bodies, businesses, or scholarship
programs may require this test. TOEFL scores are valid for two years, after
then they are no longer reported.
The
TOEFL test is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service (ETS) and is administered
worldwide. The test was first administered in 1964
and has since been taken by nearly 20 million students.
·
Definition
TOEFL Structure
a. Basic Sentences Stucture
In General, there is
no difference between the sentence structure is very striking language of
United Kingdom to Indonesia, where a sentence is built on four major
components, namely:
Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)
In Indonesia, these components we are familiar with
the Subject+ Verb + Object + Description.
EXAMPLE :
We studied grammar last day
We + studied + grammar + last day
S + V + C + M
1. SUBJECT
- is the agent of sentence in the active voice (agen dari suatu kalimat dalam bentuk aktif)
- is thing/person that performs or responsible for the action of a sentence (benda/orang/pihak yang melakukan kegiatan atau yang bertanggung jawab terhadap suatu aksi dalam suatu kalimat)
- normally precedes the verb (biasanya mendahului verb, atau setelah subject biasanya terdapat verb )
EXAMPLE :
- I explain how to study English
- She listens to my explanation
- They didn’t understand that language
The subject is known from the World Health
Organization (who) questions or what (what) that did the deed on a sentence.
2. VERB
Verb is the action of a sentence (aksi atau perbuatan
pada suatu kalimat)
Verb phrase: gabungan antara auxilaries dengan main
verb (kata kerja utama
EXAMPLE :
- I am learning English (am = auxilary, learning = main verb)
- My brother is very clever
Setiap kalimat harus mempunyai Verb
3. COMPLEMENT
- Biasanya berupa noun (kata benda) atau noun phrase (frasa kata benda)
- biasanya terdapat setelah verb pada kalimat aktif
- complement menjawab pertanyaan what (apa) atau siapa (whom)
EXAMPLE :
- Sarijon bought a cake yesterday
- What did Sarijon buy yesterday? –> a cake.
- He saw Tony at the movie
- Whom did he see at the movie? –> Tony
Note: not every sentence must have a complement.
4. MODIFIER
· Modifier
describes the time (time), place (place), or manner (how) of an action or
actions
· The
most common form of prepositional phrase modifier is (a group that starts with
a preposition and ends with a noun oPreposition on, out, under, behind, etc ...
· Modifier
answer when (when), where (in which), or how (how)
EXAMPLE
- She is driving very fast
- How is she driving? –> very fast
- I posted my application yesterday
- When do I post my application? –> yesterday
b. Parallel Structure
Parallelism means
words that are used in series or group must have the same shape as a grammar.
When we use words or phrases that are associated with a set of definite, then
the form must match the grammar. Consider the following example:
* Terry likes swimming and diving. (Benar – parallel)
* Terry likes to swim and (to) dive. (Benar –
parallel)
* I’m taking history, math, and chemistry
Sometimes the words over and over as auxiliary verbs,
can be removed on the next series.
* I have been to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower.
(Salah – saw seharusnya seen)
* I have been to Paris and have seen the Eiffel Tower.
(Benar)
* Is she coming to the party or going to a movie?
(Benar)
Contoh soal
Identify and correct the mistakes in parallel
structure in the following sentences
- I swept the yard, weeded the garden and …. the clothes.
a. was washing
b. wash
c. washed
d. washing
2. James decided to get up early, practice some
yoga and …. healthy foods.
a. eat
b. ate
c. eating
d. eaten
3. Although I trained hard, practiced every day
and …… to my trainer, I never won a tournament.
a. listening
b. were listening
c. was listening
d. listened
Jawaban
- I swept the yard, weeded the garden and washed the clothes, because the sentences use the simple past tense using the verb third Auxiliary, so the wash should also use the third without Auxiliary verb.
2.
James decided to get up early, practice some yoga
and eat healthy foods, as said before
practice using verb 1 to Word Parallels partner must use the verb 1: eat one as
well.
3.
Although I trained hard, practiced every day and listened to
my trainer, I never won a tournament, because the
sentence uses the simple past tense using the verb, then the verb should also
use Parallels 3
Comparative
Adjectives
When discussing the two objects, we can compare and
see the difference also between the two equations. It may just be that objects
have in common on one side and the differences on the other. To compare the
difference in both the object we use comparative adjectives. Comparison of
using comparative adjectives is to compare between the two objects.
1. Add the suffix-er (short adjectives)
2.
Add a prefix more (long adjectives) addition of a suffix Rule for short
adjectives: Umumnya adjektiva hanya
ditambahkan –er, misalnya: older, smaller, richer, etc.
- tall – taller
- short – shorter
To make a comparison of an adjective which has one
syllable and syllabic letter-e, we simply add the-r. example:
- nice – nicer
- large – larger
If the adjective with a syllabic consonant and vowel
letter, then we double the consonant. Example :
- - big – bigger
- hot – hotter
- thin – thinner
Adjectives with two syllables
If the adjective has two or more syllables, we add
more before the adjective. Example:
- This book is more expensive than that book.
- This picture is more beautiful.
However, there are many exceptions to the rules of
one/two of these words. A few words with two syllables the word has a similar
word that has 1 syllable. Example:
- This is easier – Benar
- This is more easy - Tidak benar
- This is simpler – Benar
- This is more simple - Tidak benar
And some adjectives can use both the comparative form.
Example:
- clever – cleverer – more clever: These are all
correct
- quiet – quieter – more quiet: These are all correct.
- quiet – quieter – more quiet: These are all correct.
Exemptions that exist can be learned through norms,
the best way to learn them is to study them one by one.
d.
Conditional Clauses
Conditionals
(Sentence Suppositions) explained that an activity contrary to other
activities. The most common conditionals is Real and Unreal Conditonal
Conditonal, sometimes also called the if-clauses. Real Conditionals (often also
referred to as type I Pleased) that describes mengandai-andai in accordance
with the facts. Unreal Conditionals (Conditionals are often also referred to as
type II) which describes about the presuppositions that are not real or their
imagination.
There is also a 3rd Conditionals are often referred to
as Conditionals type III, used as a regret that happened in the past and zero
conditionals, used to express something that was certainly true.
Note:
If the 'if' clause was put in the beginning of the sentence, we have to use the
'comma'. Conversely, if the 'if' clause is behind, then there need be no commas
Conditional atau pengandaian memiliki 3 bentuk :
1.
Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1)
This supposition stating something that might happen
in the future or now, if conditions/specific conditions are met.
Rumus Conditional Type 1:
If + Subject + present simple + subject + modals
(will, can, may, must ) V1 (simple form)
contoh : If have money I will buy a new car
If + Subject+ Simple present … + subject +
simple-present
contoh : If he has enough time, John usually walks to
school.
If + Subject + simple present …+ command form
Example :
If you go to the post office, please mail this letter
for me !
2.
Unreal Present (Conditional Type 2)
This supposition stating something contrary to what
existing or happening now.
If + subject + simple past + subject + modals (would,
could, might) V1 (Simple Form)
contoh : If I had time, I would go to the beach with
you this weekend
( Saya tidak punya waktu sehingga saya tidak bisa
pergi )
He would tell you about it if he were here.
he would say if he were here, that is because he is
not here, he didn't say it/because he is not here he doesn't tell you about
it.)
* untuk if-clause dalam bentuk ini hanya to be “were”
yang dipergunakan untuk semua subject.
if pada conditional type 2 ini dapat dihilangkan yaitu
dengan penggunaan pola inversi :
Were + subject + Adj/Noun + subject + modal (would,
could, might) + V1
contoh : Were I John I would not forgive you.
(kalau saja saya itu si john saya tak akan memaafkan
kamu; kenyataannya saya
bukan john jadi saya memaafkan kamu / I’m not John so
I forgive you).
He could hug me, if he were here. (Dia boleh memeluk
saya, jika dia di sini). Faktanya: he can’t hug me, because, he is not here.
3. Unreal Past (Conditional Type 3)
Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan
dengan apa yang telah terjadi (lampau).
Rumus Conditional Type 3:
If + Subject + Past Perfect … subject + modals (
would, could, might) + have V3
Example :
1. If we had known that you were there, we would have
written you letter.
(kalau saja kami tahu kamu berada disana, kami sudah
mengirim surat padamu;
yang bermakna bahwa kami tidak mengirim surat karena
kami tidak tahu kamu berada di sana / I did not know that you were there so I
didn’t write you a letter.
2. He would tell you about it if he were here.
3. If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand
him.
Bentuk inversi (tanpa “IF”) untuk pola ini :
Had + subject + V3…subject + modals (would, could,
might) + have V3
kalimat diatas bila ditulis inversinya menjadi :
Had we known that you were there, we would have
written you a letter.
tanpa mengubah makna maupun arti.
e. Noun Clauses
Noun clause is a clause (i.e. subject and verb) that
is used for a noun. Noun clause in the sentence are generally used as subject
and object of a sentence.
Noun clause dapat diawali oleh:
- Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
- Single question word (i.e. when, how, what, ect.).
- Question word + determiner/ noun/ adjective / adverb.
- Question word + infinitive.
- Conjunction (i.e. whether dan if).
- That atau the fact that.
Sehingga pola dari noun clause adalah:
Question word/conjunction/that + subject + verb + …
A. Noun Clauses diawali dengan Question words
In How to Address Questions already discussed about
the use of the word good in making the information asked questions as well as
in creating embedded questions. Embedded
questions is a noun clause. In this section provided additional examples to
refresh your memory.1. Single question words.
Example :
- Where she is now is still unknown.
- When they arrive is still uncertain.
3.
I know what you did last summer and I
still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred
by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Perhatikan: dalam kalimat ini, noun clause what
you did last summer menjadi object dari I know dan I
still know, dan setelah digabung dengan: are two
Noun clause can be
placed at the beginning of the sentence (as a subject) or as an object. If you
want to change the position of the noun clause of the sentence is subject
object sentence, usually it takes a pronoun it or a slight modification of
words. The above example becomes:
- It is still unknown where she is now.
- Do you know when they arrive?
- Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Because it is the title of the movies, a noun clause, what you did last summer doesn't have to play his position.
Note:
a. Clause which is prefaced by the words 'specific
question (i.e. when, whenever, where) can also serve as a adverbialen clause.
Example :
- I was reading a book when the phone rang.
- I went to where I and my ex girlfriend had been last weekend.
- I suddenly get nausea whenever I see his face. (nausea = mual/mau muntah).
b).
Clause which is prefaced by the words 'specific question (i.e. who, whom, whose
noun) can also serve as an adjective clause. In this regard, said the real
question is the relative pronoun. Well, don't be too frustrated with the term.
Important you understand the pattern/structure of the sentence. But, if you're
curious, please read the topic adjective clauses.
Example :
- I think you whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (Saya kira kamu (orang) yang pak Dodi sedang cari-cari tadi).
- Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
- Rommy, whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.
Hence, how to distinguish whether it's noun clause,
clause adverbialen, or adjective clause? The answer is simple. Noun clause can
be substituted with the pronoun it, whereas the adverbialen clause and
adjective clause No. Noun clause answers the question what and the who/whom;
Adverbialen clause answers the question when, where, how (including how much,
how often, ect), and why. Adjective clause (i.e. the adjective clause-shaped)
explains the noun and the relative pronounnya (i.e. who, that, ect.) in
Indonesia language means 'the'.
2.
Question words + ever/soever
But how, at the end of question words could be added
or ever become soever whenever whensoever, whatsoever, 'whatever' and so on.
What ever or soever here the same, i.e. just/, living combined with question
Words in front of him. Meanwhile, how ever be however (i.e. adverb or also
called transition words mean but/yet so) are not included in these categories.
Example :
- We will accept whatever you want us to do. (Kami akan menerima/melakukan apa saja yang kamu ingin kami lakukan).
- Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (melt = meluluhkan). Be careful: guy (dibaca gae)= laki-laki, sedangkan gay (dibaca gei) = fag = homo.
- She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (Dia telah setuju kemanapun pria itu membawanya pergi). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (dalam hal ini to, etc.) biasanya diletakkan di ujung kalimat. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.
3. Question words + nouns
Question words frequently used nouns, among others:
what time (what time does), what day (day), what time (what time does), what
kind (of what), what type (what type), to whose nouns (i.e. whose car, whose
book, ect.), and so on.
Example :
- I can’t remember what day we will take the exam.
- As long as I am faithful, she doesn’t care what type of family I come from. (faithful = setia).
- Do you know what time it is?
- I don’t know whose car is parked in front of my house.
4. Question words + adjectives
Question words
adjectives frequently used include: how long (how long/long), how far (how
much), how old (how old/age), ect.
Example :
- Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
- I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
- What a jerk. He didn’t even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
5. Question words + determiners.
Question words
determiners are often used are: how many (how many) and how much (how many).
Remember: how many plural nouns are followed by, while how much followed by
uncountable nouns.
Example :
- Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
- How much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you practice.
6. Question words + adverbs.
Question words
frequently used adverbs are: how often (how often), how many times (how many
times) ect.
Example :
- No matter how often I practice, my English still sucks. (Tidak memandang berapa kali saya latihan, bahasa Inggris saya masih jelek). Suck (informal verb) = jelek/tidak baik; arti suck yang lain: mengisap.
- I don’t want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (leave school early = bolos).
7. Question words + infinitives.
If the question words
directly followed by infinitives, the meaning invinitives shouldatau can/could.
Note that the subject after question words removed.
Example :
- She didn’t know what to do = She didn’t know what she should do. (Dia tidak tahu apa yang seharusnya dia lakukan).
- Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.
- We haven’t decided when to go to the beach = We haven’t decided when we should go to the beach.
- Marry told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.
B. Noun clauses diawali dengan whether/if
Whether can be
followed by the OR/NOT could also not; the meaning of the sentence is usually
the same although the OR/NOT is not mentioned (it depends on the context of the
sentence).
Example :
- I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming. (Saya tidak yakin apakah dia akan datang atau tidak).
- We can’t decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We can’t decide whether to go or (to) stay home. Perhatikan, infinitives juga dapat digunakan setelah whether.
- I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (Saya tidak yakin apakah saya harus ngambil Ekonomi atau Hukum setelah lulus SMA nanti).
- If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.
C. Noun clauses diawali dengan that/the fact
that
Here that means that,
while the fact that mean the fact that. While the adjective clauses, that means
that.
Example :
1. The teacher heard who answered the question. (C)
Analisa:
· The
first sentence 'The teacher heard' is correct because The teacher subject and
heard verbnya. The second sentence 'Who answered the phoned' is also true
because the who serves as the subject and answered as verbnya. At the same time
Who also serves as a connetor.
- So the above sentence is correct.
2. I do not understand it went wrong. (I)
Analysis:
- The first sentence 'I do not understand' is correct because I do not understand the subject and verb. The second sentence 'it went wrong' is wrong because there is no connector as well as the subject.
- The correct sentence should be: I do not understand what went wrong.What serves as a subject and also the connector, while his went as a verb
3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the
best. (C)
Analysis :
- In the first sentence, I as the Subject and can't decide as a verb. In the second sentence, which as a connector as well as the subject and the verb
4. She did not remember who in her class. (I)
Analysis :
- In the first sentence, She as the subject and did not remember as a verb. The second , who as a connector and also subject but no verb.
- The correct sentence should be who was in her class.
5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the
building.
Analysis :
- The first sentence is correct because No one is subject and verb is is, but the second sentence is wrong because there is and it did. Did and it seharusnay on the delete verb and 'happen' to be the past tense 'happened'.
- So the correct sentence should be what happened in front of the building.
Sumber :
